II. The Contradiction between Terminal Devices and Centralized Networks

With the rapid development of the global Internet, terminal devices (such as smartphones, IoT devices) are playing an increasingly important role in users' daily lives. These devices, as the interface between users and the digital world, generate a large amount of personal data and interaction records, driving the prosperity of the digital economy. However, the contradiction between terminal devices and centralized network architectures has become increasingly prominent, mainly in the following aspects: