3. Market Monopoly of Centralized Platforms

Existing centralized platforms (such as Apple, Google, Amazon, etc.) have formed a powerful ecosystem monopoly. Terminal devices, while able to access these platforms, are essentially constrained by platform policies and cannot freely operate and innovate in decentralized networks. For example, developers of smartphone operating systems must comply with platform rules, and applications also need to go through a strict review process. This monopoly suppresses innovation, especially breakthroughs in the application of decentralized technologies.