1. Data Control and Privacy Issues

In traditional centralized networks, the vast amount of data generated by terminal devices is centrally stored on a few centralized servers (such as large technology companies, cloud service providers). These centralized entities hold absolute control over user data, and users essentially lose ownership and control over their own data. This leads to risks of privacy leaks and data misuse, with frequent data security incidents around the world. Users' personal information becomes a resource for internet giants, who profit from advertising and other methods, while users struggle to gain actual benefits.